Surveying technologies overview: Difference between revisions
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Latest revision as of 17:40, 9 May 2022
This page displays a list of all surveying technologies available. Click on the link of a surveying technology for further details.
Surveying technology | Surveying technology type | Used for Civil engineering types | Used for Materials | Physical quantities measured | Main objective | Advantages | Disadvantages |
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Acoustic Emission techniques (AE) | Non-destructive | Bridge Tunnel Viaduct Building | Steel Composite Technical ceramic Concrete Polymer | Displacement Cracks Deformation Wire breaks Delamination Rupture Reinforment bar failure and bending Debonding Holes Loss of section | To provide information about possible catastrophic failures or evaluation of the level of damage in different materials and industries |
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Aerial UAV with optical payloads | In order to measure and monitor the environment, these vehicles can carry optical imaging sensors, such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and NDT payloads. The measurements can be georeferenced by the navigation system and the attitude sensors of the vehicle, generally based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Inertial Measurement Units (IMU) |
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Fibre optic sensors | Non-destructive | Bridge Tunnel | Steel Composite Wood Concrete Reinforced Concrete | Displacement Cracks Deformation Wire breaks Delamination Tensioning force deficiency Rupture Stirrup rupture Obstruction and impeding Debonding Holes Loss of section Deteriorated mortar joints | The assessment of the structural integrity or performance of civil structures. FOS technology allows to measure the bridge/tunnel performance under traffic loads and store the information globally with expanding modern data storage solutions. |
| Optical fibres are fragile and prone to damage during use. Care should be taken while use. |
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) | Non-destructive | Bridge Tunnel Viaduct | Rock Wood Concrete Reinforced Concrete Brick Stone | Spalling Cracks Delamination Reinforcement bar corrosion Debonding Holes Loss of section | GPR is a geophysical method that allows for the analysis of the propagation capacity of electromagnetic waves through media with different dielectric constants. |
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Guided Waves Propagation (GW) techniques | Non-destructive | Bridge Viaduct | Steel Composite Concrete Polymer Glass fibres | Spalling Displacement Cracks Wire breaks Delamination Tensioning force deficiency Vibration and oscillation Frequency Stirrup rupture Obstruction and impeding Reinforment bar failure and bending Debonding Holes Loss of section | Detection of the damage in structural health monitoring of the reinforced concrete can be studied with guided waves propagation survey as a promising and non-destructive testing. |
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Light Detection And Ranging or Laser Imaging Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) | Non-destructive | Bridge Tunnel Viaduct Building | Steel Wood Concrete Glass Forest and other vegetation Environment in general Stone | Spalling Displacement Cracks Deformation Crushing Rupture Holes | LiDAR technology is used to obtain three-dimensional (3D) representations of objects or structures |
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Magnetic and electrical methods | Non-destructive | Bridge Tunnel | Steel Concrete Ferromagnetic material Polymer Coating Reinforced Concrete Silicate | Cracks Delamination Reinforment bar failure and bending Loss of section | Electromagnetic methods have been widely used in detection of corrosion in post-tensioned concrete elements. In case of bridge infrastructure management, the most used techniques are based on the electromagnetic pulse induction technology. |
| – Electromagnetic Pulse Induction methods:
– Magnetic Memory Method (MMM):
– Magnetic Flux Leakage Method (MFL):
– Pulsed Eddy Current Response (PEC):
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Mechanical tests on cored samples | Destructive | Bridge Tunnel Viaduct | Steel Composite Alloy Concrete Metal Polymer Nanocomposite Silicate | Displacement Cracks Deformation Wire breaks Delamination Tensioning force deficiency Rupture Prestressing cable Stirrup rupture Obstruction and impeding Reinforment bar failure and bending Debonding Holes Loss of section | Mechanical tests performed on hardened concrete are a part of destructive surveying techniques used for characterization of concrete properties, such as compressive strength, that will affect the durability of the different structural elements of bridges or tunnels. | Used core samples are qualitatively better material than those from the laboratory, because they contain all potential defects resulting from various technological and transport situations or climatic influence. Testing the strength of hardened concrete is particularly useful, because the quality of the concrete in structure depends to a large extent on this property. Based on the static strength tests it is possible to conclude if the analysed bridge structure can still transfer utility loads with accordance to norm. | All methods induce damage to the structures which can cause risk during works and require repairs. In practical situation drilled sample taken may not be a good representation of the entire structure, which leads to inaccuracies and doubts. |
Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) - Accelerometers | Non-destructive | Bridge Building | Prestressing cable failure Tensioning force deficiency Vibration and oscillation Frequency Reinforment bar failure and bending Loss of section | One application of MEMS sensors are accelerometers, that measure linear acceleration and allow the analysis of vibrations and structures dynamic behaviour. |
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Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) - Clinometers | Non-destructive | Bridge Tunnel | Deformation Reinforment bar failure and bending Loss of section | They derive from MEMS accelerometers and measure the inclination with respect to the horizontal axis. For this reason, they are useful to analyse structures static behaviour. |
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Optical and visual testing - Boroscopy and Endoscopy | Non-destructive | Bridge Tunnel Viaduct Building | Steel Composite Technical ceramic Concrete Polymer | Cracks Deformation Rupture Obstruction and impeding Holes | Optical and visual testing have been widely known in the diagnostics of civil engineer structures, since methods are easily available and do not require large expenditures and effort in application |
| Experience of the operator required to properly understand observed issues. |
Qualitative chemical methods | Destructive | Bridge Tunnel Viaduct | Building lime Technical ceramic Concrete Gravel Ferroalloy Aggregate Slag Cement Pigment | Spalling Displacement Cracks Delamination Reinforcement bar corrosion Obstruction and impeding Debonding Loss of section | Chemical methods based on pH determination are widely used for inspection of the carbonation front depth, and determination of whether the standard pH of concrete has been changed under environmental conditions. |
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Quantitative chemical methods | Destructive | Bridge Viaduct | Composite Technical ceramic Concrete Biomolecules Polymer Reinforced Concrete Nanomaterials | Spalling Displacement Cracks Obstruction and impeding Debonding Loss of section | Quantitatively assess the rate of degradation |
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Radiological and nuclear methods | Non-destructive | Bridge Tunnel | Steel Composite Technical ceramic Wood Concrete Metal Polymer Reinforced Concrete | Displacement Cracks Deformation Delamination Rupture Debonding Loss of section Deteriorated mortar joints | Radiological methods are very popular for the non-destructive determination of defects, which are not visible to the naked eye in various types of structures |
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Satellite remote sensing | Non-destructive | Bridge Tunnel Viaduct Building | Environment in general | Displacement Cracks Deformation Crushing Rupture Obstruction and impeding Debonding Holes | Collecting information about the object to be measured without making physical contact with it, in contrast to on-site observation. The use of satellite images for monitoring in the different types of infrastructures (example bridges) responds to two great advantages, the great coverage that is achieved in a single analysis and the possibility of recovering historical data, through old images. |
| High-resolution images often come at a high price.
The satellite images require a large storage capacity, as well as, to process them a great demand for computational performance. Need for experts for its use and interpretation. Depending on the type of satellite image and weather conditions, certain images may not be valid for use. |
Surface measurements | Destructive | Bridge Tunnel Viaduct | Steel Rock Mortar Composite Concrete Sand Paper | Displacement Cracks Deformation Tensioning force deficiency Rupture Reinforment bar failure and bending Debonding Holes Loss of section | Bridge infrastructure monitoring technologies are crucial for predicting the effects of the damages and preventing potential accidents. The advantages of the multi-scale data collection cannot be disregarded for future infrastructure maintenance purposes, especially the possibility of real-time data storage, remote control of facilities from different locations, and enabling and sharing research results on a large scale. Surface measurements can be used on concrete samples or concrete structures directly on the facility. |
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Water penetration test - Permeability test | Destructive | Bridge Tunnel Building | Composite Wood Concrete Polymer Reinforced Concrete | Displacement Cracks Deformation Wire breaks Tensioning force deficiency Rupture Holes Loss of section | The main objective of the water penetration test in bridges or tunnels diagnostics is the determination of resistance or durability of concrete extracted from elements of structure exposed to the water flow. | Method can be performed with use of apparatus for testing water permeability with automatic control, which allows testing several samples simultaneously. Possibility of automatic testing in different research cycles as well as pressure reading directly from the pressure gauge, automatic water supply simplifies the procedures. | Guidelines for performance of test do not specify precise age of the sample at which the test should begin, nor the cut-off age of concrete that can be tested. This fact indicates on the possibility of different result for this property. |
Water resistance - Absorption test | Destructive | Bridge Tunnel Viaduct | Concrete Polymer Aggregate Brick Paper | Spalling Cracks | Water resistance measurement test is used as a characterization of durability of concrete elements and durability of the surface protections. |
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Weight In Motion systems (WIM) | Non-destructive | Bridge Tunnel Viaduct | Steel Concrete | Overloading | Weight in Motion (WIM) systems are utilized for traffic data collection and prevention of the overload of the structures |
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